این پژوهش با هدف تبیین کفایت شاخص های روانسنجی فرم فارسی مقیاس خردمندی اشمیت، مالدون و پاندرز صورت گرفت. برای این منظور نمونه ای با حجم 278 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران در مقاطع کارشناسی و تحصیلات تکمیلی به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه ها پاسخ دادند. جهت بررسی روایی پرسشنامه از روش های تحلیل عاملی، روایی همگرا و روایی واگرا استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی به شیوه مولفه های اصلی، وجود شش عامل را تایید کرد. پایایی مقیاس و خرده مقیاس ها نیز با استفاده از روش آلفای کرونباخ در دامنه 0.71 تا 0.80 و با استفاده از روش بازآزمایی در دامنه 0.71 تا 0.78 مورد تایید قرار گرفت. به منظور بررسی تاثیر متغیر جنسیت بر هر یک از ابعاد و نیز بر نمره کل خردمندی، با استفاده از آزمون تی مستقل، نمره دانشجویان دختر و پسر در ابعاد گوناگون و نیز نمره کل مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در هیچیک از موارد، به لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری بین دانشجویان دختر با دانشجویان پسر وجود نداشت. پژوهش نشان داد که ابزار طراحی شده از کفایت لازم برخوردار است و می تواند در پژوهش ها مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the Policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed Policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more Policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition Policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition Policy. Competition Policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition Policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition Policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.